h as TQM (total quality management), CQI (continuous quality improvement), and others. These various concepts are highly interrelated, and quality improvement in most organizations is dependent upon strategies that embrace a combination of two or more of these quality improvement concepts (Marszalek-Gaucher & Coffee, 1991, pp. 83-147). A. V. Feigenbaum (1991, pp. 5-6) developed the concept of total quality control (TQC) that underlies many quality management concepts. Karou Ishikawa (1985, pp. 1-13; 1982, p. 99). contributed the concept of quality circles.
The successful implementation of a TQM program requires the involvement of every facet of an orga
...