ll been implicated, primarily in case-control studies. Gould reports that currently it is not known if these risk factors are modifiable and if so, whether remediation results in a decrement of risk. Modification of hypertension, dyslipidemias, and smoking cessation do result in a decrease risk.
The clinical manifestations of CHD include: Substernal chest pain, Exertional dyspnea, Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmias, systolic murmur, cardiomegaly, and pedal edema (Gould, 2000).
Diagnostic Tests and Appropriate Nursing Diagnosis
Simon (2003) states that, according to the diagnostic criteria made by WHO, coronary heart disease can be divided i
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