s a basic sense of trust in the parent. In this Erikson has broadened Freud's description of the oral stage by showing that it is not just the oral zone that is important. He shows that each of Freud's libidinal stages can also be an ego state that does not necessarily primarily concerned with a libidinal zone. In this case it is the ego state in which the baby first sees the outside world (Logan, 1986).
Erikson's second stage, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, parallels Freud's anal stage. Erikson agrees with Freud that the basic modes of this stage are retention and elimination, of holding on and letting go. However, Erikson again points out that these modes include more than just the anal zone. Erikson defines this conflict as autonomy versus shame and doubt. Autonomy comes through internal cognitive processes fostering the ability to do things on one's own such as controlling the sphincter muscles. Shame and doubt come from the awareness that there are social expectations and pressures. Shame is the feeling that one does not look good to som
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